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Table 1 GLMM result between the number of detected objects and change score (data point)

From: Assessing the association between overcrowding and human physiological stress response in different urban contexts: a case study in Salzburg, Austria

Variable

Green space

Transit space

Commercial space

Blue space

Estimates

(95% CI)

Estimates

(95% CI)

Estimates

(95% CI)

Estimates

(95% CI)

Human crowds in the personal space

− 2.02

(− 4.62 to 0.59)

0.91

(− 1.79 to 3.61)

3.85

(2.05 to 5.66)***

1.11

(− 1.57 to 3.79)

Human crowds in the close distance

− 0.97

(1.45 to − 0.49)***

− 0.37

(− 0.59 to − 0.15)***

− 0.02

(− 0.23 to 0.20)

0.15

(− 0.20 to 0.50)

Human crowds in the medium distance

− 0.06

(− 0.30 to 0.18)

0.04

(− 0.10 to 0.17)

− 0.08

(− 0.20 to 0.04)

− 0.29

(− 0.50 to − 0.07)**

Human crowds in the far distance

− 0.23

(− 0.35 to − 0.11)***

− 0.12

(− 0.19 to − 0.06)***

0.00

(− 0.05 to 0.05)

− 0.06

(− 0.16 to 0.04)

Motor vehicles

1.70

(− 0.80 to 4.20)

− 0.25

(− 0.36 to − 0.13)***

− 0.03

(− 0.17 to 0.11)

0.12

(− 0.28 to 0.04)

Bikes

0.20

(− 1.16 to 1.55)

− 0.09

(− 0.30 to 0.12)

0.23

(0.07 to 0.39)**

− 0.31

(− 0.57 to − 0.05)*

sitting facilities

0.36

(− 0.17 to 0.88)

− 0.19

(− 0.78 to 0.41)

0.39

(− 0.02 to 0.80)

− 0.46

(− 1.03 to 0.10)

Random effects

 σ2

263.67

269.91

269.92

269.41

 τ00 time_slot

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 τ00 person_ID

28.28

25.63

37.30

15.88

 τ00 gender

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 ICC

0.10

–

–

0.06

 N timeslot

2

2

2

2

 N person_ID

19

23

21

17

 N gender

2

2

2

2

 Observation

16,082

26,340

32,184

23,402

 Marginal R2/conditional R2

0.002/0.099

0.002/NA

0.001/NA

0.001/0.057

  1. (1) ***Significant < 0.1%, **significant < 1% level, *significant < 5% level. (2) ‘N person_ID’ means ‘the number of participants’, as each participant walked from site 1 to site 4 each time. ‘N timeslot’ means the time sessions, we include data collected from 9 am–12 pm and 1 pm–4 pm. (3) The analysis is based on the fused data points collected from three sensors rather than individuals. The data points were separated into different locations by the GPS locations.