Neighborhood environment and muscle mass and function among rural older adults: a 3-year longitudinal study

Table 3 Male—linear mixed model for SMI and grip strength by environment variable

	SMI		Grip strength
	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 1^a	Model 2^b
Variables	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Year	− 0.05^* (− 0.06, − 0.04)	−	− 0.41^* (− 0.49, − 0.32)	−
Land slope (ref = Low)		0.01 (− 0.11, 0.14)		0.93^* (0.18, 1.68)
Year*Land slope (ref = Low)		0 (− 0.03, 0.03)		− 0.01 (− 0.2, 0.18)
Bus stop density (ref = Low)		− 0.15^* (− 0.27, − 0.03)		− 0.33 (− 1.09, 0.43)
Year*Bus stop density (ref = Low)		0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04)		− 0.07 (− 0.26, 0.12)
Intersection density (ref = Low)		0.01 (− 0.11, 0.14)		− 0.49 (− 1.24, 0.26)
Year*Intersection density (ref = Low)		0 (− 0.03, 0.03)		0.13 (− 0.06, 0.31)
Residential density (ref = Low)		− 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)		− 0.13 (− 0.89, 0.62)
Year*Residential density (ref = Low)		− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)		0.03 (− 0.16, 0.21)
Distance to community center (ref = Close)		− 0.03 (− 0.15, 0.1)		0.37 (− 0.39, 1.13)
Year*Distance to community center (ref = Close)		0.04^* (0.01, 0.07)		− 0.02 (− 0.21, 0.17)

Environment factors were added separately into all models
^*p < 0.05
^aModel 1: time only model
^bModel 2: conditional growth model by each environment factor adjusting for all covariates, i.e. age, town of residence, smoke, drink, physical activity, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular diseases

ISSN: 1476-072X