| All studies | Study outcomesa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria | Child mortality | Malnutrition | Vaccination | Other outcomes | ||
Number of studies | 82 | 34 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 19 |
Covariatesa | ||||||
 Agriculture and livestock | 17 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
 Climate | 43 | 28 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
 Health-related interventions/outcomes | 24 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 7 |
 Remoteness | 43 | 19 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 11 |
 Satellite indices | 19 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
 Sociodemographic | 53 | 17 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 17 |
 Topography/land cover | 59 | 30 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 12 |
 No covariates | 15 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Geographic coverage | ||||||
 Single country | 50 | 26 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 9 |
 Multi-country | 32 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 10 |
Temporal component | ||||||
 No | 46 | 19 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 11 |
 Yes | 36 | 15 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 8 |
Spatial resolutiona | ||||||
 Less than 5x5km | 23 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
 5x5 to 10x10km | 20 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 |
 Lower admin. level | 30 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 14 |
 Not reported | 12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Uncertaintya | ||||||
 Standard deviation map | 14 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
 Interval map/table | 28 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
 Relative map | 7 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
 Other metrics | 13 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Not reported | 22 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
Modeling techniquea | ||||||
 Bayesian–MCMC | 35 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
 Bayesian–INLA | 28 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 12 |
 Classical GLM | 17 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
 Spatial interpolation | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
 Ensemble models | 12 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Out-of-sample pred. | ||||||
 Cross-validation | 22 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
 Hold-out | 24 | 18 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
 Not reported | 36 | 13 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 9 |
Model fit metricsa | ||||||
 Bias | 34 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 9 |
 RMSE/MSE | 30 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 12 |
 Coverage | 24 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
 DIC/AIC | 19 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
 MAE | 16 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
 Correlation | 15 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
 Other metrics | 31 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
 None reported | 11 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |